This paper addresses the topic of the expressive qualities of inanimate objects. More specifically, it examines how qualities referring to psychological states, such as cheerfulness, melancholy, liveliness, and sadness, can be attributed to non-sentient things. After presenting some of the main theoretical approaches to this issue in contemporary debates—including projective, arousal, persona, and contour theories—I argue that these approaches struggle to explain how the same expressive qualities can be ascribed to diverse things, such as an atmosphere, a piece of music, a personal feeling, or a bodily expression. As a way out of this issue, I focus on the irreducibility of expressive qualities to other kinds of qualities, presenting them as global qualities of gestalts. Although grounded in things themselves, expressive qualities cannot be reduced to primary (measurable) or secondary (sensory) qualities (Locke, 1690). This allows expressive qualities to be shared by diverse entities, such as landscapes, pieces of music, and psychological states.
In this paper, I develop a phenomenological account of expressive qualities, focusing on their nature and on the relation they bear to the things to which they are attributed.
Paradigmatic examples of expressive qualities include the cheerfulness of a piece of music, the sadness of a gait, and the serenity of a countryside landscape. These attributes indicate that certain aspects of different objects can be described using psychological terms referring to affective experiences such as moods, emotions, or sentiments. This phenomenon proves philosophically puzzling when expressive qualities are attributed to inanimate objects, such as landscapes and pieces of music, as well as…
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