Argumenta – Journal of Analytic Philosophy

Squaring the Triangle: Structure, Function, Appearance and the Norms of Art [Book Symposium]

Topics: Aesthetics, Cognitive science, Epistemology, Metaphysics
Keywords: Appreciation, Art, Artifacts, normativity, Third culture

 

This paper rejects the autonomy myth that treats works of art as self-contained worlds and instead situates them within nature. Following Murray Smith’s “Third Culture” program, I retain triangulation—structure, function, and appearance—as necessary to explain how artworks affect perceivers: material structures impinge on perceivers’ brains, recruit psychological functions, and yield phenomenal experience. But triangulation is incomplete. I propose a fourth vertex—normativity—thus “squaring the triangle.” Normativity explains why works of art can and should be experienced in a certain way. Works of art are artifacts whose functions are stabilized by communities as constitutive norms. Artifacts ought to perform in certain ways; users ought to respond for the right reasons. The same holds true for works of art and their users, whom we call appreciators. Appreciation thus differs from mere enjoyment; it is the proper use that targets merited pleasure and a shared core of comprehension, on which interpretation builds.

The work of art is a highly unified whole. Ideally, the work of art is a world of its own. Just one world. The frame in arts such as painting, photography and film, in this sense, is the paradigm of the existence of the work of art as an autonomous system. But all this is illusory. The frame does not completely sever the work of art from its surroundings. On closer inspection, the work of art is not a self-standing world but rather a denizen of the actual world; hence, understanding art means understanding its place in…

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