This paper explores the epistemic implications of endorsing a specific category of conspiracy theories, which I term “toxic conspiracy theories” (following Basham, 2018). I contend that these theories exert a profound and distinctive impact on our belief system, not only shaping perspectives on the specific events they are purported to explain, but also influencing our broader understanding of sociopolitical reality. I delineate a surprising result of this doxastically encompassing nature of toxic conspiracy theories: if some toxic conspiracy theory is true, then a belief in a false one can be remarkably illuminating. Consequently, adherents of toxic conspiracy theories may, contrary to prevailing opinion, possess a more astute grasp of sociopolitical realities than their counterparts who eschew such conspiratorial narratives. I then move on to address an objection suggesting that toxic conspiracy theories are so overwhelmingly unlikely to render the central argument a mere academic exercise. In response I draw on various ‘particularist’ arguments to the contrary and further argue that the unlikelihood of toxic conspiracy theories cannot be determined without engagement with some foundational questions regarding the nature and integrity of our democratic institutions.
Scholars have charged conspiracy theories with many epistemic flaws: they are rarely warranted (Popper 1969), unnecessarily complex (Mandik 2007), overly intentional (Clarke 2002), and insulated from evidence (Sunstein &Vermeule 2009; Napolitano 2021). Theorists themselves are seen as gullible (Cassam 2016), paranoid (Hofstadter 1965; Lipton 2004), biased and prone to faulty reasoning (Harris 2018), and historically misinformed (Popper 1969; Fenster 1991).
If this extensive indictment holds merit, then the growing prevalence of conspiracy theories in Western societies is a profound cause for concern. At the very least, it suggests an epistemic degradation of public discourse and the standards of…
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